UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT EASTERN DISTRICT OF LOUISIANA
MONUMENTAL TASK COMMITTEE INC. ET AL.,
Plaintiffs VERSUS CIVIL ACTION 2:15-cv-06905-CJB-DEK ANTHONY R. FOXX ET AL., Defendants
AMICUS BRIEF OF TAKE ‘EM DOWN NOLA IN SUPPORT OF REMOVAL OF CONFEDERATE MONUMENTS FROM NEW ORLEANS
Introduction and Statement of Interest of Amicus Curiae
The monuments in this matter honor and glorify white supremacists whose hyper-violent
actions supported the continued enslavement of millions of people in the United States. The
individuals honored in the Robert E. Lee Monument, the Jefferson Davis Monument, the
Beauregard Equestrian Monument, and the Liberty Monument were slave-owning, racist, and
violent traitors to the democratic principles of the United States Constitution. Their monuments
were constructed to perpetuate and honor white supremacy; ongoing maintenance of these
monuments not only glorifies Louisiana’s long legacy of state-sponsored racial oppression, but
also denies the South’s shameful legacy of African slavery.
Any assessment of the issues currently before this Court must not exclude these
monuments’ historical connection to slavery and racial oppression in Louisiana. That history
demonstrates that these monuments were chosen, built, and preserved to honor white supremacy.
This amicus brief is filed on behalf of Take ‘Em Down NOLA, a multi-cultural, multi
generational coalition of organizers, activists, artists, educators, and working professionals who
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have come together to remove ALL symbols of white supremacy in New Orleans. These
symbols include, but are not limited to, monuments and statues, school names, public parks, and
other public spaces. The coalition was conceived in July of 2015 after two actions (in June and
July) wherein members of the coalition and others collaborated with Black Youth Project 100 NOLA1 to stage two ritual burnings of the Confederate Flag.2 This was part of a national action called #13FlagFunerals curated by national artist John Sims.3 At these burnings (one of which
doubled as a public education forum), a petition was passed around to remove symbols of white
supremacy in New Orleans. To this day, that petition has garnered over 600 signatures and another 883 signatures on the Color of Change website.4 Since the coalition came together in
July 2015, it has staged two additional public protest rallies and three public education
community forums and been represented in an online forum presented by Van Jones and his Color of Change organization.5 The rallies drew crowds of 50-75 at each and the forums ranged
in attendance from 20-60 people. There are over 650 people on the Take ‘Em Down NOLA
listserv and another 883 on its Color of Change listserv. The coalition has over 30 members.
Take ‘Em Down NOLA has an interest in this case because the prominent display of
racist, white supremacist monuments in public places in New Orleans glorifies slavery and the
South’s history of racial violence. These monuments also undermine the collective efforts of 1 Black Youth Project 100 NOLA is a subset of the national organization BYP100 of the Black Lives Matter movement. 2 See Maya Rhodan, Protestors Throw Confederate Flag on the Grill in New Orleans, TIME, July 4, 2015, http://time.com/3945856/confederate-flag-burning-new-orleans/; Della Hasselle, Confederate flag burned in protest at Lee Circle, THE NEW ORLEANS ADVOCATE, June 26, 2015. http://www.theneworleansadvocate.com/news/12759166-171/confederate-flag-burned-in-protest 3 See John Sims, Why I Burned and Buried the Confederate Flag – And America Should, Too, THE HUFFINGTON POST, June 29, 2015, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-sims-/why-i-burned-and-buriedthe-confederate-flag----and-america-should-too_b_7665482.html. 4 See Take ‘Em Down NOLA, Take Down All Symbols of White Supremacy in New Orleans, Color of Change, http://iam.colorofchange.org/petitions/take-down-all-symbols-of-white-supremacy (last viewed Jan. 10, 2016). 5 Aftermath: The Movement for Black Lives 10 Years After Katrina, http://act.colorofchange.org/signup/katrina-town-hall/?t=2&akid=4819.1449750.2hEJd3
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generations of New Orleanians to make the Constitutional guarantee of racial equality a reality in
this city. New Orleans’ public spaces currently resonate with racist ideological overtones due to
these monuments; and such overt glorification of the region’s oppressive past presents significant
and ongoing harm to Take ‘Em Down NOLA’s constituency.
The New Orleans’ family is defined by the diverse and inclusive nature of the City’s
culture in spaces both public and private. Take ‘Em Down NOLA stands for the basic
principle that public spaces are for all of the public and should not be used to promote the
abhorrent views of the white ruling class or to uphold symbols of Black oppression.
Consequently, Take ‘Em Down NOLA is of the perspective that tax dollars should no
longer be used to maintain structures representative of ideologies that without doubt
conflict with the Constitutional principal of equal protection. There is no legitimate reason
to support the continued littering of the city’s public squares and buildings with
monuments, street names, and public schools named after white supremacists. These
memorials only serve as constant reminders of the past and present domination of Black
people by the rich white ruling class. They are insulting to anyone with a sense of history
and who supports progress and democracy. These symbols also represent present day
reality where most decisions and government policy are determined by those who accept
white supremacist notions that Black people and all non-white people are less and deserve
less than white people.
Some people believe that the struggle to remove white supremacist symbols is a
deflection from the more meaningful struggle to end present day discrimination. This could
not be further from the truth. They do not understand that it is the white supremacist ideas,
represented by these symbols, which permeate American society and result in actual
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discrimination and murder. That is why policemen with white supremacist conceptions can
murder young Black people so easily. This why the so-called criminal justice system can
practice mass incarceration of Black people with the approval of most white people. This is
why we have over 50 percent unemployment for Black men in New Orleans and there is no
editorial outcry by the white ruling class press.
If our New Orleans family is to have a chance at real racial reconciliation, we must
remove all obvious symbols of white supremacy to show our collective will to address
entrenched systemic oppression, which is wreaking havoc in the minds, homes, and
neighborhoods of our families City-wide. Now is our opportunity to be proactive.
Take ‘Em Down NOLA respectfully submits this brief amicus curiae in opposition to
Plaintiffs’ Motion for Temporary Restraining Order and Preliminary and Permanent Injunctive
Relief (ECF No. 9). Take ‘Em Down NOLA unequivocally supports the decision made by
Mayor Mitch Landrieu, the New Orleans City Council, and the City of New Orleans to remove
these four monuments from their current and public places of prominence. It is the position of
those who file this brief that not only did the City of New Orleans have the authority to remove
these monuments to white supremacy, but also the obligation to do so.
Summary of Argument
This brief will focus on the first section of the City Council Ordinance which provided
the authority for the removal of these symbols. Section 146-611 (b) of the New Orleans Code of
Ordinances empowers the City Council to remove statues from public property when those
statues are a nuisance. Part One of the ordinance defines what constitutes a nuisance:
The thing honors, praises, or fosters ideologies which are in conflict with the requirements of equal protection for citizens as provided by the constitution and laws of the United States, the state, or the laws of the city and gives honor or praise to those who participated in the killing of public employees of the city or
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the state or suggests the supremacy of one ethnic, religious, or racial group over any other, or gives honor or praise to any violent actions taken wrongfully against citizens of the city to promote ethnic, religious or racial superiority of any group.
The people and events that are the subject of the monuments in this case epitomize this
definition. First, they foster ideologies that are in conflict with the requirements of equal
protection of our citizens. Second, they honor the killing of public employees. And third, they
honor and praise violent actions taken to promote white supremacy and the racial superiority of a
group of whites who fought one of our nation’s most violent and bloody wars.
Historic preservation can be beneficial to a community. However, honoring symbols of
violent white supremacy is the antithesis of an inclusive community, particularly this New
Orleans community, whose culture is rich and blended. That is the historic preservation that
Plaintiffs must respect. As New Orleans native Adolph Reed wrote more than twenty years ago:
The de-facto coalition of historic preservationists and latter-day white supremacists is a reminder that the preservationist impulse is by no means automatically politically progressive. It can come just as easily from a reactionary nostalgia about "tradition" as from models of harmonious, democratic social life. It can reflect privileged people's attempts to protect amenities for themselves at others’ expense as much as it can a social democratic concern to limit predatory growth. . . . The current Battle of Liberty Monument speaks to the insidious force of white racism in the construction of American historical mythology, as well as to the backhanded and coded ways that force works in contemporary politics.6
This amicus brief sets out the historical context of white supremacy in which these four
monuments must be viewed, describes the racist underpinnings of the Sons of Confederate
Veterans, and leads to the conclusion that the City of New Orleans is not only allowed to remove
these monuments, but must do so.
Argument I. THE CIVIL WAR WAS A VIOLENT, TREASONOUS CAMPAIGN OF TERROR TO PRESERVE SLAVERY AND WHITE SUPREMACY; WHITE TERROR AND DOMINATION CONTINUED AFTER THE CIVIL WAR. 6 Adolph Reed, The Battle of Liberty Monument, THE PROGRESSIVE, June 1, 1993, 1993 WLNR 5042666.
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The monuments at issue in this case honor and glorify the Southern Confederacy.
Therefore, it is with the Confederacy that this analysis must begin.
Louisiana’s antebellum economy and social order were rooted in the twin institutions of African slavery and white supremacy.7 In 1860, Louisiana had a total population of 708,002, of which 47 percent were enslaved,8 and the entire pre-war Louisiana legal system was based on maintaining white supremacy in every phase of life.9 In its colonial days, the 1724 Code Noir
disenfranchised all blacks; when Louisiana became a state in 1812 its constitution limited the right to vote to free white male citizens who owned property or paid taxes.10 Subsequent laws limited voting to free white males until after the Civil War.11 As respected Louisiana federal
jurist Judge John Minor Wisdom pointed out over fifty years ago, Louisiana social history is
rooted in “the dominant white citizens’ firm determination to maintain white supremacy in state and local governments by denying to Negroes the right to vote.”12
The Confederate cause in the Civil War was a tremendously violent campaign to hold onto this legal institution of white supremacy.13 The historical record is clear that the Southern
states seceded from the Union and engaged in a treasonous war against the United States
government because they were determined to retain the legal right to own, buy, sell, and sexually
7 See generally, Bill Quigley and Maha Zaki, The Significance of Race: Legislative Racial Discrimination in Louisiana, 1803-1865, 24 SOUTHERN LAW REVIEW 145 (1997). See also the extensive opinion of Judge Wisdom in United States v. Louisiana, 225 F. Supp. 353, 366 (E.D. La. 1963). 8 Results from the 1860 Census, The Civil War Homepage, http://www.civilwar.net/pages/1860_census.html (last visited Jan. 10, 2016). 9 See generally Quigley and Zaki, supra note 7; United States v. Louisiana, 225 F. Supp. at 363. 10 United States v. Louisiana, 255 F. Supp. at 363; Quigley and Zaki, supra note 7, at 148, 158. 11 United States v. Louisiana, 255 F. Supp. at 363 12 Id. 13 Ta-Nehisi Coates, What This Cruel War Was Over, THE ATLANTIC, June 22, 2015, http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/06/what-this-cruel-war-was-over/396482/. This article includes just a sampling of the numerous calls to protect white supremacy during the Civil War.
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and physically abuse black human beings.14 There is no historical basis for the position that the
Civil War was fought over anything other than the South’s determination to retain the institution
of chattel slavery. “Beyond ideology lay naked economic and political interests because southern
white elites needed cheap labor akin to that provided by slaves if they were to remain a ruling aristocracy.”15
Indeed, Louisiana representatives openly identified slavery as the reason for secession:
As a separate republic, Louisiana remembers too well the whisperings of European diplomacy for the abolition of slavery in the times of an-nexation not to be apprehensive of bolder demonstrations from the same quarter and the North in this country. The people of the slave holding States are bound together by the same necessity and determination to preserve African slavery.16
Slavery and the supremacy of whites was the essence of the struggle. Article IV, Section
3 of the Constitution of the Confederate States stated:
In all such territory the institution of negro slavery, as it now exists in the Confederate States, shall be recognized and protected be Congress and by the Territorial government; and the inhabitants of the several Confederate States and Territories shall have the right to take to such Territory any slaves lawfully held by them in any of the States or Territories of the Confederate States.17
The Confederates lost. The violence and terror of the Civil War resulted in massive death
and damage to the country. About 750,000 people died in the Civil War, leaving hundreds of thousands of widows and orphans.18 As a result of that defeat, Louisiana was faced with a new
14 Donna Ladd, Confederates Speak: Yes, We Fought the Civil War Over Slavery, JACKSON FREE PRESS, June 21, 2015, http://www.jacksonfreepress.com/weblogs/jackblog/2015/jun/21/confederates-speak-yeswe-fought-the-civil-war-ove/ 15 Aldon D. Morris, The Scholar Denied: W.E.B. DuBois and the Birth of Modern Sociology 6 (2015). 16 Letter from George Williamson to Texas Secession Convention, February 11, 1861, Confederate Truths, http://www.confederatepastpresent.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=122:louisianacommissioner-geo-williamson-urges-texas-to-secede-qto-preserve-the-blessings-of-africanslaveryq&catid=40:secession. 17 Yale Law School, Constitution of the Confederate States; March 11, 1861, The Avalon Project, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/csa_csa.asp. 18 Guy Gugliotta, New Estimate Raises Civil War Death Toll, NEW YORK TIMES, Apr. 2, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/03/science/civil-war-toll-up-by-20-percent-in-new-estimate.html.
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power bloc in voting—its African American population, who comprised nearly half of its census.19 Though clearly reluctant to do so, Louisiana authorized black men to vote.20
The losers of the Civil War, however, were not prepared to give up their political power,
their way of life, or their property. Many of the former Confederates took on armed resistance
against the new regime, and by 1898, white Louisianans managed by politics, violence and terror to reinstitute white supremacy in political power and daily life.21 Black voters, who had only
been allowed to vote since 1865, were officially disenfranchised again through an amendment to
the state constitution that erected educational, literacy, and property qualifications for those who wished to vote unless exempted by the grandfather clause.22 This act of racist disenfranchisement
was done openly. The chair of the 1898 convention declared: “We (meet) here to establish the supremacy of the white race, and the white race constitutes the Democratic party of this State.”23
As Judge Minor pointed out in his 1963 opinion, “[t]he Convention of 1898 interpreted
its mandate from the people to be, to disfranchise as many Negroes and as few whites as possible.”24 The constitutional amendment had its intended effect of reducing black voters from 130,344 in 1897 to 5,320 in 1900.25 By 1910, black voter registration had been further reduced to 730 people in Louisiana, or less than 0.5 per cent.26 White supremacy was back; black citizens
were again subordinated and suppressed.
The white South also sought to revise the history of the Civil War by creating a new and
inaccurate narrative that 1) cast the Confederacy as a noble and praiseworthy cause; 2) denied
19 See The Civil War Homepage, supra, note 8. 20 See United States v. Louisiana, 225 F. Supp. at 364. 21 Id. at 366-69, 371-75. 22 Id. at 371-72. 23 Id. at 371. 24 Id. 25 Id. at 374 26 Id.
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the central role that slavery played in causing the Civil War; and 3) downplayed the brutal reality of American slavery.27 This distortion of history, crafted by white southerners, is a phenomenon
that historians now call the Cult of the Lost Cause.
According to documents filed with the National Register of Historic Places:
The Cult of the Lost Cause has its roots in the Southern search for justification and the need to find a substitute for victory in the Civil War. In attempting to deal with defeat, Southerners created an image of the war as a great heroic epic. A major theme in the Cult of the Lost Cause was the clash of two civilizations, one inferior to the other. The North, ‘invigorated’ by constant struggle with nature, had become materialistic, grasping for wealth and power. The South had a ‘more generous climate’, which had led to a finer society based upon ‘veracity and honor in man, chastity and fidelity in women.’ Like tragic heroes, Southerners had waged a noble but doomed struggle to preserve their superior civilization. There was an element of chivalry in the way the South had fought, achieving noteworthy victories against staggering odds. This was the ‘Lost Cause’ as the late nineteenth century saw it, and a whole generation of Southerners set about glorifying and celebrating it. Glorification took many forms, including speeches, organizations such as the United Confederate Veterans and the United Daughters of the Confederacy, reunions, publications, holidays such as Lee's birthday, and innumerable memorials.28
The six main assertions of the Cult are:
Secession, not slavery, caused the Civil War; African Americans were “faithful slaves,” loyal to their masters and the Confederate cause and unprepared for the responsibilities of freedom; the Confederacy was defeated militarily only because of the Union's overwhelming advantages in men and resources; Confederate soldiers were heroic and saintly; the most heroic and saintly of all Confederates, perhaps of all Americans, was Robert E. Lee; and Southern women were loyal to the Confederate cause and sanctified by the sacrifice of their loved ones.29
27 “In this revision of the past, the antebellum South was recalled as a benevolent, orderly society that pitted its noble values against the aggressive greed of northern industrial society. Denying slavery as the root cause of the war, the proponents of the Lost Cause achieved an ideological victory – even as the South was defeated in the war – by shaping the popular memory of the conflict. In the process, this ideological victory helped insure widespread American acceptance of the South’s justification for the racial status quo.” Eric Foner, Forever Free: The Story of Emancipation & Reconstruction 216 (2005). 28 General Beauregard Equestrian Statue, Louisiana Department of Culture, Recreation, and Tourism, National Register of Historic Places Database, http://www.crt.state.la.us/dataprojects/hp/nhl/attachments/Parish36/Scans/36117001.pdf. 29 Caroline E. Janney, The Lost Cause, ENCYCLOPEDIA VIRGINIA, http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/lost_cause_the#start_entry
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This was the “Lost Cause” as the late nineteenth century saw it, and a whole generation of Southerners set about glorifying and celebrating it.30 Glorification took many forms, including
speeches, organizations such as the United Confederate Veterans and the United Daughters of
the Confederacy, reunions, publications, holidays such as Lee's birthday, and innumerable memorials.31
The Cult of the Lost Cause continued to dominate Southern cultural history in the early twentieth century, and it is indeed still alive and well today.32 If the Court has the occasion to
review the public hearings held by the City of New Orleans over the removal of these statues, it
will find nearly every one of the core assertions of the Cult of the Lost Cause was repeated, often
more than once, by the white southerners who objected to the removal of these monuments.
Moreover, three of the statues at issue in this case have been described by the Louisiana
Department of Culture, Recreation, and Tourism as THE major monuments in New Orleans
representing the Cult of the Lost Cause—the monuments of Robert E. Lee, Jefferson Davis, and P.G.T. Beauregard.33 It is not by accident that these three monuments were erected and
venerated. They were elevated to honor the violent, treasonous war to retain white supremacy
and to legitimize those who continue to seek it.
The Cult of the Lost Cause is not, as its past and present advocates contend, a benevolent
historical tribute to Confederate veterans. Rather, the Cult of the Lost Cause was at the heart of
the ideology of the Ku Klux Klan and other white supremacy groups that portrayed the
30 General Beauregard Equestrian Statue, supra, note 28. 31 See Registration form for Caddo Confederate Monument, National Register of Historic Places, http://www.nps.gov/nr/feature/places/pdfs/13001124.pdf. 32Robert E. Lee Monument, Louisiana Department of Culture, Recreation, and Tourism, National Register of Historic Places Database, http://www.crt.state.la.us/dataprojects/hp/nhl/attachments/Parish36/Scans/36053001.pdf. 33 See Registration for Caddo Confederate Monument, supra, note 31.
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emancipated African American as a threat to democracy and white womanhood.34 It also sought
to return Louisiana to its pre-Civil War days of total white control and supremacy.
This is the historical context in which these monuments to white supremacy were erected
and are maintained. This context is essential to this court’s evaluation of whether these
monuments should continue to stand in New Orleans.
II. ROBERT E. LEE: SLAVE OWNER, SLAVE ABUSER, CONFEDERATE GENERAL AND LEADER OF VIOLENT WAR TO MAINTAIN WHITE SUPREMACY, TRAITOR
The statue of Robert E. Lee epitomizes the glorification and celebration of white
supremacy and the elevation of false myths about the Civil War that romanticize the Confederacy and mute the horrors of slavery.35 Lee was “loyal to slavery and disloyal to his country.”36 As a decades-long slave-owner who physically abused his slaves and used them as servants throughout the Civil War,37 Lee
decided to leave his post with the United States Army in 1861 to become a leader of the cause of white supremacy.38 Lee chose to join the Confederacy despite the fact that many members of his own family supported the United States and honored their oaths of office to the military.39 Thus,
pursuant to Article III, Section 3, Clause 1, of the U.S. Constitution, Lee engaged in treason
against the United States. Far from being a revered figure, Robert E. Lee has been condemned
34 Janney, supra, note 29. 35 Id. 36 Richard Cohen, Dispelling the myth of Robert E. Lee, WASHINGTON POST, Apr. 25, 2011, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/dispelling-the-myth-of-robert-elee/2011/04/25/AFrXC1kE_story.html. 37 Ta-Nehisi Coates, Arlington, Bobby Lee, and the ‘Peculiar Institution,’ THE ATLANTIC, Aug. 13, 2010, http://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2010/08/arlington-bobby-lee-and-the-peculiarinstitution/61428/ 38 Elizabeth Brown Pryor, The General in His Study, N.Y. TIMES, Apr. 11, 2011, http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/04/19/the-general-in-his-study/# 39 Id.
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for his “racist and dishonorable conduct” even by students of Washington and Lee University in Virginia, a school once presided over by Lee himself.40
The Lee Monument was erected to propagate the Cult of the Lost Cause and its desire to
remake the image of the Civil War as “a great heroic epic” wherein the South “waged a noble but doomed struggle to preserve their superior civilization.”41 Conceived between 1870 and 1876,42
when the trauma of defeat was still fresh in the South, a monument honoring “the most heroic and saintly of all Confederates, perhaps of all Americans . . .”43 was wholly consistent with the
tenets of the Cult of the Lost Cause.
In the historical documents filed with the National Register of Historic Places regarding
this statue, the record is clear that the Lee monument was constructed and honored as a central
aspect of the Cult of the Lost Cause:
The Lee Monument is of regional significance in the cultural history of the South because it is a tangible symbol of the views of the majority of southerners during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In general, the monument represents what is known as the Cult of the Lost Cause. More particularly, it stands for a central aspect of the cult -- the deification of General Robert E. Lee.44
The National Register document concludes by saying:
In many ways Robert E. Lee was the centerpiece of the cult. He was arguably the most venerated Civil War figure in the South, and by the twentieth century had 40 Gregory Korte, Robert E. Lee’s troubled legacy, USA TODAY, Feb. 9, 2015, http://www.usatoday.com/story/life/books/2015/02/09/the-man-who-would-not-be-washington-robert-elees-civil-war-and-his-decision-that-changed-american-history/21967123/. See also T. Rees Shapiro, Black students at Washington and Lee urge administrators to confront school’s past, WASHINGTON POST, Apr. 17, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/black-students-at-washington-and-leeurge-administrators-to-confront-schools-past/2014/04/17/a1cc63c8-c650-11e3-8b9a8e0977a24aeb_story.html. 41 Robert E. Lee Monument, supra, note 32. 42 Plaintiffs’ Memo in Support of TRO at 5 (ECF No. 9-4). 43 Janney, supra, note 29. An 1870 Daily Picayune article notes that in deciding to erect a monument to Lee, the monument committee “most heartily approved of the movement to erect a monument to him who, above all others, should be looked upon as the representative of the American race, American heart, and American character.” Honors to Lee, DAILY PICAYUNE, Nov. 2, 1870. 44 Robert E. Lee Monument, supra, note 32 (emphasis added).
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become a national hero. Indeed, he assumed an almost Christ-like stature. Monuments to Lee embody the highest aspirations of the Lost Cause cult. They, along with monuments to other southern Civil War figures, are the most tangible reminders of this extremely important and pervasive phenomenon.45
Erecting statues to Robert E. Lee and others was part of the Lost Cause in all its myths, rituals, and symbols and helped Confederates deal with the trauma of defeat.46 These symbols of
white supremacy helped reinstitute unity among ex-Confederates. Admiration of Lee and others
was at the heart of the movement to reclaim mythologized glories and power.
III. JEFFERSON DAVIS: SLAVE OWNER, RACIST, PRESIDENT OF THE CONFEDERACY, TRAITOR
Jefferson Davis was a slave-owning racist and traitor who led an unsuccessful
insurrection against the United States. He is quoted as saying, “African slavery, as it exists in the United States, is a moral, a social, and a political blessing.”47 According to Davis, “its origin was
Divine decree,” and the slave trade had been a blessing for the African, bringing him out of
ignorance and degradation to a land of Christian enlightenment where the slave “entered the temple of civilization.”48 It was all by divine ordination that the black man had been made “a servant of servants.”49 Davis was also adamant that white supremacy over African Americans
was key to the identity and place of white people:
You too know, that among us, white men have an equality resulting from a presence of a lower caste, which cannot exist where white men fill the position here occupied by the servile race. The mechanic who comes among us, employing the less intellectual labor of the African, takes the position which only a masterworkman occupies where all the mechanics are white, and therefore it is that our mechanics hold their position of absolute equality among us.50 45 Id. 46 Gary W. Gallagher & Alan T. Nolan, The Myth of the Lost Cause and Civil War History 189 (2010). 47 William Edward Dodd, Jefferson Davis 154 (1907). 48 Id. 49 William C. Davis, Jefferson Davis: The Man and His Hour 182, 194-195 (1991). 50 The gathering storm, Speech of Jefferson Davis before the Mississippi Legislature, Nov. 16, 1858, Confederate Truths, http://www.confederatepastpresent.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=117:speech-of
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Davis owned dozens of slaves,51 and as a U.S. Senator, he was an ardent defender of slavery and the rights of southern states to allow it.52 Davis argued in Congress that the Missouri
Compromise threatened to take away his constitutional right as a slave owner to move about the country with his property.53
Davis was elected president of the Confederate states on February 8, 1861. Under Article
III, Section 3, Clause 1, of the U.S. Constitution, Davis engaged in treason against the United
States. Davis defended slavery as a moral and social good, and he fought a monstrous war to
maintain it. His writings demonstrate that he remained racist and pro-slavery to the end of his life.54 Davis, like Robert E. Lee, became a hero of the Lost Cause in the post-Civil War south.55 To
further demonstrate the nefarious purpose of this statue, one must only look at the fact that, as
Plaintiffs themselves point out, the Davis monument association was organized in 1898,
immediately after the disenfranchisement of African American voters, and was erected on the fiftieth anniversary of Davis’ inauguration as president of the Confederacy.56 From its inception,
the monument was intended to broadcast white opposition to the advancement of rights for
African Americans.
jefferson-davis-before-the-mississippi-legislature-nov-16-1858q-where-he-advocates-secession-if-anabolitionist-is-elected-president-&catid=41:the-gathering-storm. 51 Donald E. Collins, The Death and Resurrection of Jefferson Davis 3 (2005). 52 Id. 53 Jean Kinney Williams, Jefferson Davis: President of the Confederacy 40 (2005). 54 Jefferson Davis’s white supremacist and pro-slavery views in his memoir published in 1881, Confederate Truths, http://www.confederatepastpresent.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=131:jeffersondaviss-white-supremacy-and-pro-slavery-in-his-memoirs-published-in-1881&catid=38:reconstructionand-fusion. 55 Wilm K. Strawbridge, A Monument Better Than Marble: Jefferson Davis and the New South, JOURNAL OF MISSISSIPPI HISTORY 69 (4): 325–347 (Dec. 2007). 56 Plaintiffs Memo in Support of TRO at 18 (ECF No. 9-4).
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IV. P.G.T. BEAUREGARD: CONFEDERATE GENERAL, SLAVE OWNER, DESERTER, TRAITOR
P.G.T. Beauregard, born in St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana, was the Confederacy’s first hero when he presided over the surrender of United States troops at Fort Sumter.57 He is probably best known as the designer of the Confederate flag, the Southern Cross, in 1861.58
Under Article III, Section 3, Clause 1, of the U.S. Constitution, Beauregard engaged in treason
against the United States. After the war, Beauregard asked for a pardon, but only after writing Robert E. Lee and complaining “it is hard to ask pardon of an adversary you despise.”59 He
subsequently signed a loyalty oath to the U.S. to retain his citizenship and make sure he was not prosecuted or charged with deserting his post at West Point.60
Beauregard’s family owned slaves and he rented slaves to serve him during his time in the military.61 Though he later was an advocate for equal rights, his monument honors him as a Confederate general.62 The monument, completed and dedicated in 1915, bears the inscription “GT Beauregard, 1818-1893, General CSA 1861-1865.”63
Documents filed with the National Register of Historic Places Database indicate that the
statue is another of three Louisiana monuments to the Cult of the Lost Cause:
The General Beauregard Equestrian Statue is of statewide cultural significance as one of three major Louisiana monuments representing what is known by historians as the Cult of the Lost Cause. The other two statues, both also located in New Orleans, depict Robert E. Lee and Jefferson Davis. Statues of this type are
57 James Karst, A Confederate general’s forgotten cause, Beauregard and unification, TIMES-PICAYUNE, September 6, 2015. 58 Joshua Green, The Southern Cross, THE ATLANTIC, March 2004, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2004/03/the-southern-cross/302896/. 59 Thomas Harry Williams, P.G.T. Beauregard: Napoleon in Gray 257 (Louisiana Paperback ed. 1995). 60 Id. at 257. 61 Id. at 4, 52. 62 Karst, supra note 57. 63 General Beauregard Equestrian Statue, supra, note 28.
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tangible symbols of a state of mind which was powerful and pervasive throughout the South well into the twentieth century (and some would say even today).64
The National Register further states, “the deification of Southern heroes such as Beauregard and Robert E. Lee has continued to the present.”65
When the Beauregard statue was dedicated, the glorification of Beauregard’s white
supremacist past was exemplified by the following remarks from Judge John St. Paul: “Well,
indeed, may they worship at his shrine, for he was one, and not the least, of that galaxy of heroic
men whose glorious deeds have placed their age and the struggle in which they took part among the grandest that adorn the annals of all times.”66 As these remarks illustrate, the Beauregard
statue lionizes one of the main champions of the Confederacy.
V. “LIBERTY” MONUMENT: VIOLENT TERRORIST RESISTANCE TO INTEGRATED GOVERNMENT
The so-called Liberty Monument honors the violent post-Civil War White League, a
Louisiana white supremacist paramilitary terrorist organization. The White League, closely
connected to the Ku Klux Klan, was the military arm of the Lost Cause movement in Louisiana which sought to reverse the loss of white supremacy.67 As eminent historian Eric Foner explains:
64 Id. 65 Id. 66 Id. 67 Nicholas Lemann, Deconstructing Reconstruction, WASHINGTON MONTHLY, Jan./Feb. 2013 (“The Ku Klux Klan, which began in the immediate aftermath of the war and was suppressed by federal troops, soon morphed into an archipelago of secret organizations all over the South that were more explicitly devoted to political terror. These organizations—with names like White Line, Red Shirts, and White League—had shadowy ties to the more respectable Democratic Party. Their essential technique was to detect an incipient ‘Negro riot’ and then take arms to repel it. There never actually were any Negro riots; they were either pure rumor and fantasy that grew from a rich soil of white fear of black violence (usually entailing the incipient despoliation of white womanhood) or another name for Republican Party political activity, at a time when politics was conducted out of doors and with high-spirited mass participation. The white militia always won the battle, if it was a battle, and nearly all the violence associated with these incidents was suffered by black people. In the aggregate, many more black Americans died from white terrorist activities during Reconstruction than from many decades of lynchings. Their effect was to nullify, through violence, the Fifteenth Amendment, by turning black political activity and voting into something that required taking one’s life into one’s hands.”).
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“[t]he White League was formed with the avowed purpose of restoring white supremacy, by violent means if necessary.”68 The White League spread terror and assassinations across
Louisiana before attempting to overthrow the lawful government of New Orleans in September
1874 by murdering New Orleans police officers and seizing government buildings.
The Louisiana White League emerged as “one of the most brutal white supremacist organizations in all of Reconstruction,”69 assassinating officeholders in Ouachita, Red River,
Caddo, Natchitoches, and East Baton Rouge Parishes and engaging in several massacres across Louisiana.70 In April 1873, the illegal white militia attacked and murdered a hundred black
Louisiana soldiers, half in cold blood after they had surrendered, in the Colfax Massacre in Grant Parish, Louisiana.71 Following another attack in Natchitoches, in August 1874, the White League
murdered four blacks and six whites in the Coushatta Massacre in an attempt to overthrow the Republican government in northwest Louisiana.72 In 1875, U.S. General Philip Sheridan wrote a
telegram to the U.S. Secretary of War describing the violence and terror of the White League: “I
think the terrorism now existing in Louisiana, Mississippi and Arkansas could be entirely
68 Foner, Forever Free, supra, note 27 at 195/ See also United States v. Louisiana, 225 F. Supp. at 367 (Judge Wisdom describes the White League as comprised of possibly tens of thousands of armed men). 69 Randall Kennedy, Race Relations Law and the Tradition of Celebration: The Case of Professor Schmidt, 86 COLUM. L. REV. 1622, 1637 (1986) (citing J. Taylor, Louisiana: An Impossible Task, in Reconstruction and Redemption in the South 202 (O. Olsen ed. 1980)) (When “federal intervention was no longer a real danger to individuals participating in acts of terrorism, the paramilitary White League made its appearance. This organization forced dozens of Republican officeholders in rural parishes to resign, lynched five white Republicans in the Coushatta Massacre, and finally defeated the Metropolitan Police [police loyal to the Reconstruction government] in the pitched Battle of Liberty Place in New Orleans.” (citations omitted)). 70 James W. Loewen, Lies Across America: What Our Historic Sites Get Wrong 196 (Simon & Schuster 2007). 71 United States v. Louisiana, 225 F. Supp. at 366. For more details, see also The Colfax Massacre, PBS, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/grant-colfax/ (last visited Jan. 10, 2016). 72 Ted Tunnell, Coushatta Massacre (1874), KNOWLA ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LOUISIANA (Jan. 6, 2011), http://www.knowla.org/entry/759/ (last visited Jan. 10, 2016).
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removed and confidence and fair dealing established by the arrest and control of the ringleaders of the armed White Leaguers.”73
On September 14, 1874, in what has been called the Battle of Liberty Place, thousands of
members of the Crescent City White League, including many Confederate veterans, challenged
Louisiana’s integrated Reconstruction government by attacking and killing New Orleans police officers and inflicting 100 casualties.74 They captured the statehouse, the armory, and downtown New Orleans for days until retreating in the face of newly arrived federal troops.75
The Liberty Monument was erected in 1891 to commemorate the Battle of Liberty Place
and honor the members of the White League who murdered police officers and took over the City of New Orleans all in an attempt to undo the effects of the Civil War.76 At this time, the
White League was so powerful that it had a member on the U.S. Supreme Court, and in 1891
veterans of the White League Liberty Place battle openly lynched eleven Sicilian men and used the lynching as a way to raise money to build the monument.77
VI. THE MONUMENTS HAVE KEPT ALIVE THE CONFEDERACY’S LEGACY OF RACIAL OPPRESSION
Far from inert structures honoring a dead past, the monuments at issue have continuously
served as a rallying point in efforts to entrench white political power and reaffirm the values of
white supremacy. For example, in 1896, former members of the White League and young
73 Stuart Omer Landry, The Battle of Liberty Place 187 (Pelican Publishing 1955). 74 See Gary Boulard, Obelisk ignites the latest Battle of New Orleans, L.A. TIMES, Dec. 7, 1992, http://articles.latimes.com/1992-12-07/news/mn-1234_1_liberty-monument. 75 United States v. Louisiana, 225 F. Supp. at 367. See also Landry, supra note 73. 76 Reed, The Battle of Liberty Monument, supra, note 6. 77 James R. Green, Taking History to Heart: The Power of the Past in Building Social Movements 150 (2000). The White League was so entrenched in the fabric of Louisiana that Edward Douglass White, Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, a Confederate veteran, was a member. Douglass infamously sided with the completely wrong majority in Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896), which upheld state segregation. See John Minor Wisdom, Plessy v. Ferguson – 100 Years Later, 53 WASH. & LEE L. REV. 9, 17 (1996).
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members of the city’s white elite staged mass rallies at the Liberty monument, repeatedly invoking the memory of the men who had fought there.78 Three days later, they led a procession that began at Lee Circle and ended at Liberty Monument.79 This show of power succeeded in
pressuring local political representatives to negotiate with White League leaders, eventually allowing for the election of Walter Flower, the son of a White League veteran, as mayor.80
Additionally, in 1904, there were further rallies at the Liberty Place Monument to replace
nominating conventions with a “white primary” that would have allowed only white voters to participate.81
In 1932, a new inscription was added to the monument which read: “United States troops
took over the state government and reinstated the usurpers but the national election in November 1876 recognized white supremacy and gave us our state.”82
As one historian has noted, “[a]s rhetoric, the September Fourteenth tradition persisted well into the latter half of the twentieth century.”83 Celebrations of the monument grew
particularly fervent during the civil rights movement. For example, in 1948, a large group of
arch-segregationists gathered at the monument on the battle’s anniversary, and Congressman
Eddie Herbert stated, “[i]t is one of history’s tragedies that we are gathered here at a time when
the ideals for which the men of 1874 fought are being viciously attacked again on all fronts,” and exhorted that “the struggle for home rule must be won again.”84
78 Lawrence N. Powell, Reinventing tradition: Liberty place, historical memory, and silk-stocking vigilantism in New Orleans Politics, SLAVERY AND ABOLITION 20:1, 1999, at 138. 79 Id. 80 Id. at 139. 81 Id. 82 Id. at 140 (emphasis added). 83 Id. at 139. 84 Lawrence N. Powell, A Concrete Symbol, SOUTHERN EXPOSURE 18:40-43, Winter 1990.
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In 1955, a year after the Supreme Court’s decision in Brown v. Board of Education to
desegregate public schools, a book entitled The Battle of Liberty Place, written by Stuart Landry
and funded by many prominent white families in New Orleans, was published, characterizing the terrorism of 1874 as one of the highest achievements of the white race.85 Dedicated to “The
Memory of the Heroes of the Fourteenth of September, whose Patriotism should be an Inspiration, not only to their Descendants, but to all Louisianans of Good Intent,”86 the book
justified the organization of the Ku Klux Klan and other secret societies as a legitimate way to
protect the rights of white people against the “carpetbaggers, scalawags, ignorant freedmen and
rascally Southerners who joined in with these others to direct and control the newly enfranchised colored people for plunder and power.”87
More recently, in the early 1990s, the monument became a rallying point for the Ku Klux
Klan and David Duke when one of Duke’s supporters sued the City of New Orleans to restore the monument after it had been removed and placed in storage due to street repairs.88
85 Landry, The Battle of Liberty Place, supra, note 73. 86 Id. 87 Id. at 2. Describing the murderous terrorism of the incident, Landry justifies the actions of the White League by describing white Southerners as gentlemanly victims who were justifiably outraged by being disrespected and displaced from their former positions of wealth and power: His country ravaged by armies, his wealth – primarily invested in slaves – taken from him, his sons killed and maimed in battle, he found himself governed by “carpetbaggers,” scalawags, ignorant freedmen and rascally Southerners, who joined in with these others to direct and control the newly enfranchised colored people for plunder and power. Urged on by fanatics in the North, they, at the same time, harassed and humiliated the former ruling classes . . . . The majority of white people, who had just seen the Negroes released from bondage, could not understand or tolerate the social revolution brought on by the freeing of the slaves. They could not see these poor blacks, ignorant and deluded, as their equals either socially or politically . . . . Accordingly, they organized the Ku Klux Klan, leagues and secret societies of various kinds to protect and defend their rights. Id. 88 Frances Frank Marcus, New Orleans Journal; A Monument That Can’t Find a Home, N.Y. TIMES, Nov. 29, 1992, http://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/29/us/new-orleans-journal-a-monument-that-can-t-find-ahome.html.
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The Lee monument has also provided a site for white supremacists to celebrate their
cause well into the twentieth century. In 1922, a poem published in the Times-Picayune sang the
statue’s praises, reading: “He stands calm and firm. . . / watching with prophetic eyes / His
beloved Southland: seeing in her / Cleaner American stock the saving strain / Which yet will
right the balance / ‘Twixt conflicting alien hordes / And hold straight the course / Of America’s Ship of State / Toward the ultimate goal / Of a homogenous people. . . .”89 In 1972, several
prominent Louisiana segregationists, including Addison Roswell Thompson, who had previously
run for state governor and mayor of New Orleans, celebrated Lee’s birthday by draping a
Confederate flag at the foot of the monument and setting out their Klan robes. The incident
escalated into a racial confrontation with several black passersby. David Duke was among those jailed for “inciting to riot.”90
These episodes show that by designating multiple places throughout New Orleans to
publicly honor those that championed racism and oppression, the monuments have and continue
to perpetuate belief, support, and pride in the Confederacy’s “Lost Cause,” and its vision of
white supremacy.
VII. PLAINTIFF SONS OF CONFEDERACY BEAUREGARD CAMP NO. 130 If there is any more need to prove that this matter is about preservation of white
supremacy, the Court should take note that Beauregard Camp No. 130, Inc. is a named plaintiff
in this case.
Plaintiff is a chapter of the Sons of Confederate Veterans, which describes the Civil War
as an honorable fight for liberty and freedom to such an extent that they call it the Second
American Revolution.
89 Robert E. Lee, TIMES-PICAYUNE, Apr. 13, 1922. 90 Patsy Sims, The Klan 152-53 (1996).
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In the complaint, Beauregard Camp describes itself as “an autonomous, local chapter of
the Sons of Confederate Veterans,” and was “chartered in 1899 to preserve the memory and good
name of General P.G.T. Beauregard, General Robert E. Lee, Jefferson Davis, and all Confederate veterans and elected civil servants who served honorably in the Civil War.”91 Plaintiff admits it
played an active leading role in creating, funding, and erecting the Beauregard and Jefferson Davis monuments.92
The Sons of Confederate Veterans (SCV) is a membership-based organization consisting
of local chapters called “camps” that are located across the country. The group valorizes the
service of Confederate veterans and their cause, writing that they “personified the best qualities
of America” and that the “[t]he preservation of liberty and freedom was the motivating factor in the South’s decision to fight the Second American Revolution.”93 Founded in 1896 in Richmond, Virginia, the SCV reports that it has approximately 30,000 members.94 There are over thirty camps in Louisiana.95 Membership is open to any male who can provide documentation proving he is a descendant of a Confederate soldier or sailor.96
The SCV states publicly that it has a “strictly enforced ‘hate’ policy” which requires that
anyone with ties to any racist organization or hate group must be denied membership or
immediately expelled. Prohibited organizations include the Ku Klux Klan, American Nazi Party,
91 Complaint at ¶¶ 29-35 (ECF No. 1). 92 Plaintiffs’ Memo. in Support of TRO at 17-18 (ECF No. 9-4). 93 What is the Sons of Confederate Veterans?, Sons of Confederate Veterans, http://www.scv.org/about/whatis.php (last visited Jan. 10, 2016). 94 Charles Kelly Barrow, Statement from Charles Kelly Barrow, Commander in Chief of the Sons of Confederate Veterans, Regarding Decision By the Supreme Court of the United States in Walker vs. Texas SCV, PR NEWSWIRE, June 18, 2015. 95 Sons of Confederate Veterans assembly, TIMES-PICAYUNE, Oct. 9, 2013. 96 Id.
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the National Alliance, or any organization expressing racist ideals or violent overthrow of the United States government.97
According to the Southern Poverty Law Center (“SPLC”), however, in the past fifteen
years the SCV has been riven by an “internal civil war” which continues to this day between
those espousing racist beliefs (many of whom are closely aligned with white supremacist groups
and individuals) and “history clubbers” whose primary interest is preserving and celebrating the history of the Confederacy. 98
For instance, Kirk Lyons is an active and prominent member of the SCV, holding a leadership position in the SCV’s youth camp99 and recently represented the organization in a
failed lawsuit to prevent the removal of a statue of Jefferson Davis from the campus of the University of Texas.100 Mr. Lyons is also the chief trial counsel for the Southern Legal Resource
Center, a pro-Confederate organization that he and his brother-in-law founded in 1996 that has
defended the flying of the Confederate flag in a number of court disputes. Lyons previously
defended a former Klan leader and the leader of an anti-Semitic group called Posse Comitatus, in addition to having been married in an Aryan Nation compound.101 Lyons has led efforts to turn
SCV towards extreme-right political activism. The SPLC reports that in 2000 he stated alongside
former Klan leader David Duke that the SCV needed to get rid of its “Grannies” and “bed
wetters” and said: “[t]he civil rights movement I am trying to form seeks a revolution. . . . We
97 Sons of Confederate Chief Commander denounces protest rally, PR NEWSWIRE, July 1, 2015. 98 Heidi Beirich, Furling the Flag, Southern Poverty Law Center, Oct. 27, 2015, https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2015/furling-flag (last visited Jan. 10, 2016). 99 Sam Davis Youth Camp, Sons of Confederate Veterans, http://www.scv.org/about/directories/committeeView.php?cid=SD (last visited Jan. 10, 2016). 100 Bobby Blanchard, UT-Austin removes Jefferson Davis statue, THE DALLAS MORNING NEWS, Aug. 30, 2015. 101 Kirk Lyons, Southern Poverty Law Center, https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremistfiles/individual/kirk-lyons (last visited Jan. 10, 2016).
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seek nothing more than a return to a godly, stable, tradition-based society with no ‘Northernisms’ attached, a hierarchical society, a majority European-derived country.”102
Another such extremist is Ron G. Wilson, who was elected in 2002 to serve as SCV’s commander in chief—the group’s highest office.103 During his two years in office, Wilson
suspended around 300 members for publicly criticizing racism within the group. Many of these
members had been associated with an anti-racist offshoot of the SCV, called Save the Sons of Confederate Veterans.104 Wilson appointed Lyons to the SCV’s Long-Range Planning
Committee. His election set off a struggle over the SCV that has reportedly led to the loss of thousands of its more moderate members.105
In 2004, Denne Sweeney took over as national leader and continued Wilson’s policies and also permanently expelled the 300 men suspended by Wilson.106 Sweeney implemented measures that favored the influence of radical elements of the SCV.107 After Sweeney prevailed
over moderates who challenged his decisions in a lawsuit, the rift between radical and moderate
members of the SCV deepened, and some former members started new groups meant to be nonracist history clubs.108
Despite its official rejection of overtly racist ideology, the group’s work and the legacy it
seeks to preserve is deeply intertwined with white supremacy. To illustrate this point, in 2000,
the SVC’s Selma, Alabama, chapter erected a monument to noted KKK member and
102 Id. 103 Id. 104 Heidi Beirich and Mark Potok, Sons of Confederate Veterans Back in Extremist Hands, Many Leave Group, Southern Poverty Law Center, July 27, 2005, https://www.splcenter.org/fightinghate/intelligence-report/2005/sons-confederate-veterans-back-extremist-hands-many-leave-group (last visited Jan. 10, 2016). 105 Kirk Lyons, supra note 101. 106 Beirich & Potok, supra note 104. 107 For instance, he removed the right of most former commanders in chief to vote on the General Executive Council. Id. 108 Id.
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Confederate general, Nathan Bedford Forrest. The monument is located in a large cemetery in
Selma—a site that is deeply significant in the Civil Rights Movement—in a part of the cemetery dedicated to Confederate soldiers. A picture of the monument is available online.109
After the shooting of unarmed African Americans in Charleston, the group issued a
public statement condemning the act and decrying racism (while also accusing its “politically correct opponents” of attempting to politicize the tragedy).110 However, despite these initial
statements, the SCV has played a prominent role in organizing other pro-Confederate flag movements in the wake of the Charleston killings.111
Although the Sons of Confederate Veterans has disavowed racism in its official
pronouncements in recent years, the group is still deeply invested in elevating and legitimizing
its version of the Confederacy’s “history” and “traditions,” which implicate an inherently racist,
white supremacist vision of society.
This plaintiff is a living current example of the Cult of the Lost Cause and the
glorification of the violent racist Civil War which was fought to preserve the enslavement of
millions of African Americans. They call the Civil War the “Second American Revolution” and
praise as honorable the people who committed treason.
The fact that the plaintiff in this case is a chapter of the SCV demonstrates why the City
of New Orleans not only has the right to take down these statues, but why they must.
Conclusion
The statues at issue in this case honor and glorify treasonous white supremacists who
would likely be charged as terrorists today. Their violent actions supported white supremacy and
109 Denise Oliver Velez, Klantroversy in Selma Alabama, DAILY KOS, Sept. 16, 2012, http://www.dailykos.com/story/2012/9/16/1111971/-Klantroversy-in-Selma-Alabama. 110 Ben Jones, An American Tragedy in Charleston, South Carolina, NEWSFILE, June 29, 2015. 111 Beirich & Potok, supra note 104.
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the continued enslavement of millions of people. The monuments erected in their “honor” were
constructed and maintained in a deliberate effort to perpetuate historical myths of southern glory
when black people were property to be used and abused. By enshrining a patently false version
of history, the monuments have helped keep these myths and the oppression they justify alive.
These statutes fit exactly into Section 146-611 (b) of the New Orleans Code of
Ordinances which authorizes the City Council to remove statues from public property when
those statues are a nuisance:
The thing honors, praises, or fosters ideologies which are in conflict with the requirements of equal protection for citizens as provided by the constitution and laws of the United States, the state, or the laws of the city and gives honor or praise to those who participated in the killing of public employees of the city or the state or suggests the supremacy of one ethnic, religious, or racial group over any other, or gives honor or praise to any violent actions taken wrongfully against citizens of the city to promote ethnic, religious or racial superiority of any group.
The monuments foster ideologies which are in direct conflict with the requirements of
equal protection of our citizens. They honor the killing of public employees. And they honor and
praise violent actions that were taken to promote white supremacy, the racial superiority of a
group of whites who fought our nation’s most violent and bloody war.
Not only can the City of New Orleans remove these statues, it must.
Dated January 11, 2016 Respectfully submitted,
/s/Sara H. Godchaux (No. 34561)
WILLIAM P. QUIGLEY (No. 07669) Professor of Law LOYOLA UNIVERSITY NEW ORLEANS COLLEGE OF LAW 7214 St. Charles Avenue New Orleans, Louisiana 70118 Telephone : 504.710.3074 (cell) Quigley77@gmail.com
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S. MANDISA MOORE-O’NEAL (No. 35256) 1824 Oretha Castle Haley Blvd New Orleans, Louisiana 70113 smandisa85@gmail.com
EMILY POSNER (No. 35284) 7214 St. Charles Ave. Box 913 New Orleans, Louisiana 70118 emilyposnerlaw@gmail.com
NIKKI THANOS (No. 33409) 215 South Clark Street New Orleans, LA 70119 Telephone: 504.616.1888 attorneythanos@gmail.com
/s/SARA H. GODCHAUX (No. 34561) VANESSA CARROLL (No. 35695) IVY WANG (No. 35368) SOUTHERN POVERTY LAW CENTER 1055 St. Charles Avenue, Suite 505 New Orleans, Louisiana 70130 Telephone : 504.486.8982 Facsimile : 504.486.8947 vanessa.carroll@splcenter.org sara.godchaux@splcenter.org ivy.wang@splcenter.org
TRACIE L. WASHINGTON (No. 25925) LOUISIANA JUSTICE INSTITUTE 1631 Elysian Fields Avenue New Orleans, Louisiana 70117 Telephone : 504.872.9134 Tracie@LouisianaJusticeInstitute.org tlwesq@cox.net
COUNSEL FOR TAKE ‘EM DOWN NOLA
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CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
I hereby certify that on January 11, 2016 I filed the foregoing document with the Court
using the CM/ECF system, which sent notice of such filing to all counsel of record.
/s/Sara H. Godchaux (No. 34561)
